Hopitrout: Hey, beautiful site! I'm worried that on this forum people might think I'm pushing hot water panels, which is not the case. But, if that was my cabin, and I did not want to insulate the upstairs, I'd be looking at building a passive heat storage system, and possibly put in some hot water solar panels. Since you won't be there a lot, the only sane way would be to install a drain-back system. The components can be built from scratch (see Build It Solar site) and the cost is not high. Hot water is an awesome storage medium, and there are many things you can do with it.
Based strictly on the few pictures you posted, I don't see the need to have the solar so far away from the house. Are the trees blocking your Southern exposure completely? And, don't worry about 48v. The most important thing is to exercise safety precautions, no matter what voltage you choose. I cannot believe the thousands of videos on line that show people setting metal tools on top of batteries with exposed terminals! Oh my God!
If you elect to go with PV/batteries, take a look at lithium titanate batteries. (LTO) They don't have high power density, but they can be discharged and charged at much lower temperatures. Some claim down to -30F. They are not as common, and cost more too. But, what the heck, they might be just what you need.
And, like others have said, insulate the heck out of a space in the basement, and pay close attention to details and making sure you carefully seal things up.
Good luck!