Your BMS have an internal sensor that measure charging and discharging current from/to the battery.
This sensor is providing a specified range of measurements to the BMS internal logic. This range is usually equivalent to a value from zero to the maximum current supported by the BMS. Any value outside of this range could be detected as an anomaly. If the sensor is faulty and not providing any range, that is also considered an anomaly.
Current sensors, from magnetic to shunt types, are actually actively detected by an electronic circuit because they provide a zero signal even if nothing is connected or is passing through them. For this reason electronic circuits can easily detect if they are missing or not working properly.