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Ask Me Anything About LFP Batteries and More! – Industry insider at top EV firm

And just like that....He (or it) was gone....
Now our lives will go back to normal..... Ahhhh a breath of fresh air..... :ROFLMAO::ROFLMAO:
 
Welcome to the forum (y) It’s nice to get a different perspective on LFP batteries.

Just about every LFP ESS cell datasheet specifies charge termination at 3.65V and 0.05C tail current and just about every DIY battery user and 100% of solar power YouTubers interpret this (wrongly) as “charge up to 3.65V all the way down to zero current”.

In what I regard as the danger zone, 3.65V and under 0.05C, how much damage is done? What I mean is when people continue to trickle charge a large capacity bank of paralleled LFPs at currents which represent a tiny fraction of C, it is (according to cell manufacturer specs) an overcharge, but how damaging to cycle life is this? There are some people who will say that lithium plating of the electrode is occurring in this region of overcharge, but this seems unlikely. What do you say about this?

Edited to add: in EVs with small capacity cells stacked in series to high voltages, perhaps charging into the region below 0.05C is not likely to occur as the current involved would be quite small. In DIY ESS setups where people parallel connect large capacity cells, 0.05C can be a large current. In my case with a 4S4P setup, 0.05C is 58A and charging CV to 3.65V below that current is pushing the cells to a higher SOC than the cell manufacturer says is the charge termination point. Charging to 3.45V at 5A could even be a higher SOC than 3.65V at 58A!
Hi Sverige,

Sorry I missed you question.

I would not recommend to charge at 3.65V with a 0.05C tail current. LFP is very different from NCM where they normally have the constant voltage stage in charging profile. LFP have a very shape open circuit potential curve above 3.42V which means it intrinsically has very little capacity above 3.42V. LFP is a phase-transformation material while NCM is solid solution material which make the difference.

While electrolyte can tolerate 3.65V, its generally not the best practice as ESS normally already has very low charging rate which makes the gain from CV stage very limited. In theory, LFP almost has no capacity above 3.42V and the reason why you can still get a bit more capacity is because all the active LFP particles are not been charged spontaneously when the current is large. People use a very small current to solve the hetergenetity in the electrode.

At 3.65V, your anode is been forced to a lower potential than it normal condition. As more lithium goes into graphite and it has a lower electrochemical potential, your anode becomes more reative and easier to reduce the additives and electrolyte molecules. Its certainly bad for the cycle life. Extra carefulness need to be given when folks do this in parallel setup. Cells normally have differences even in the same production batch. And their capacity will vary. That means when their are several cells in parallel they are been charged nonuniformly. Given a 58A current, the current may not be distributed uniformally across you cells in parallel because batteries is a electrochemical storage device it will actually not exactly follows the external voltage and its interal resistance will vary. This create more danager with cells in parallel especially at high SOC and high current. Keep in mind it might not be high current overall, but for individual cells if you monitor their current it can vary a lot in the final stage of the charging. Actually, in fast charge EVs, BMS will manage this and will not allow batteries to be charged all the way to 100% SOC.
 
Thank you for answering too :)

Very interesting about sodium. Considering sodium cells cost slightly above LFP with the few sellers that do sell them I see no point for them on the market right now. I actually think having them "fail a market test" may be bad for the development of the tech until as you said lithium prices go up(which none of us wants, but at the same time we want more cheaper options for ESS).

Regarding my "cell position" question from page 2 post #39 of this thread. If you had some input it would be great :) as I'm about to rip my already commisioned pack apart in next few days... We had a moderately long heated debate about cell position here few weeks ago at the end of which I concluded I see no scientific evidence for harm caused by them being stacked atop another as in my photo (or on the short edge as another poster said), but based on another person's experience of failures happening seemingly because of it I decided better safe than sorry. There is an idea that when lying on its side (long or short) parts of the jelly roll are above the electrolyte and get starved. I posit capilary action should take care of that, but what is the truth I don't know.
Generally speaking, for prismatic cells, you don't need to stack atop another. Just do your layout like what CATL does. If we ignore the pressure difference cause by different stacking. The most important factor becomes free electrolyte inside battery can. Normally when a cell is been developed all the testing and electrode jelly-rolls is been optimized under the assumption of a flat layout. Electrolyte will deplete through-out its cycle life, designers will try to avioid any hetergenity in the rate of decay across all the battery electrode. If you look at the jelly-roll, its normally perpendicular to the terminals. If we put it horizontally, the electrode layers on the bottom will have way more acess than regions on the top. Also, in a vertical condition, the capiliary force in the seperator will be easier to draw electrolyte more uniformally to the electrode.1720488668442.png
 
@battery_professional how much “damage” (in terms of consumption of cycle life) is done by part charge/discharge cycles? Eg beginning each day at 30% SOC and charging to 80% then discharging overnight back down to 30%.

Do those half cycles accumulate over time to take 0.5 cycles of the overall cycle life over time, or are they less damaging than the very top or bottom end of the cycle? Perhaps a battery always used in the mid range of cycling like this would be expected to last many more cycles than if full charge and discharge cycling was happening?

How are part cycles counted in EVs and how does battery health get calculated and tracked in that application?
Very good question. Beginning at 30% SOC and top at 80% SOC% will make your cycle life significantly longer by a factor of almost 1.5 to 2. That means its not 0.5 cycles and its more like 0.25 or 0.3 cycles. Jeff Dahn even published a paper on NCM been cycled at a middle SOC range and it can cycle for a very long cycle life. See the link: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1945-7111/ac91ac

For LFP its a bit tricky compared to NCM in EVs, the only reliable souce is your columbic counter and they basic has three oppotunities to calibrate which are at very low/high SOC where the voltage curve has a increased gradient and at middle SOC in slow charging/discharging where they can track the 1st/2nd stage transition of graphite as a signal to calculate the real SOC. As soon as you have the real SOC, you will be able to estimate its SOH because you can get the Ah from columbic counter. For NCM its more straightforward, where you can use OCV-SOC map to determine its SOC and directly estimate its SOH.
 
Thank you guys. I was just having fun with my weekend and I have already sent my transcript in myequals (online credential platform in AU/NZ https://www.myequals.edu.au/) to the administrator.

It's so fun for me to see folks think I'm an AI and cannot stop laughing. It's so interesting for me because I'm in charge of AI for Science department(using digital twins to develop materials and design batteries) in my company.

Why I have grammer errors in the reply:
1. I have said I'm not a native english speaker.
2. I did not used any grammer checkers or LLMs in any of my reply except the main thread.
3. It's like you will carefully prepare a resume when you do an interview, but once you start interview its just like daily online chat and to me there is no point to use grammer checkers.

Again, I found its so fun to talk with you guys and I will continue to talk with your guys except in the weekend.
 
Thank you guys. I was just having fun with my weekend and I have already sent my transcript in myequals (online credential platform in AU/NZ https://www.myequals.edu.au/) to the administrator.

It's so fun for me to see folks think I'm an AI and cannot stop laughing. It's so interesting for me because I'm in charge of AI for Science department(using digital twins to develop materials and design batteries) in my company.

Why I have grammer errors in the reply:
1. I have said I'm not a native english speaker.
2. I did not used any grammer checkers or LLMs in any of my reply except the main thread.
3. It's like you will carefully prepare a resume when you do an interview, but once you start interview its just like daily online chat and to me there is no point to use grammer checkers.

Again, I found its so fun to talk with you guys and I will continue to talk with your guys except in the weekend.
Glad you didn't get scared away, your definitely an asset to the community.
 
Very good question. Beginning at 30% SOC and top at 80% SOC% will make your cycle life significantly longer by a factor of almost 1.5 to 2. That means its not 0.5 cycles and its more like 0.25 or 0.3 cycles. Jeff Dahn even published a paper on NCM been cycled at a middle SOC range and it can cycle for a very long cycle life. See the link: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1945-7111/ac91ac
Being cycled once a day for solar, is calendar age more of a factor than cycles?

Any guess on calendar age life (75% capacity)?
 
Hi Sverige,

Sorry I missed you question.

I would not recommend to charge at 3.65V with a 0.05C tail current. LFP is very different from NCM where they normally have the constant voltage stage in charging profile. LFP have a very shape open circuit potential curve above 3.42V which means it intrinsically has very little capacity above 3.42V. LFP is a phase-transformation material while NCM is solid solution material which make the difference.

While electrolyte can tolerate 3.65V, its generally not the best practice as ESS normally already has very low charging rate which makes the gain from CV stage very limited. In theory, LFP almost has no capacity above 3.42V and the reason why you can still get a bit more capacity is because all the active LFP particles are not been charged spontaneously when the current is large. People use a very small current to solve the hetergenetity in the electrode.

At 3.65V, your anode is been forced to a lower potential than it normal condition. As more lithium goes into graphite and it has a lower electrochemical potential, your anode becomes more reative and easier to reduce the additives and electrolyte molecules. Its certainly bad for the cycle life. Extra carefulness need to be given when folks do this in parallel setup. Cells normally have differences even in the same production batch. And their capacity will vary. That means when their are several cells in parallel they are been charged nonuniformly. Given a 58A current, the current may not be distributed uniformally across you cells in parallel because batteries is an electrochemical storage device it will actually not exactly follows the external voltage and its interal resistance will vary. This create more danager with cells in parallel especially at high SOC and high current. Keep in mind it might not be high current overall, but for individual cells if you monitor their current it can vary a lot in the final stage of the charging. Actually, in fast charge EVs, BMS will manage this and will not allow batteries to be charged all the way to 100% SOC.
Thanks for your answer! People generally set their charge termination voltage higher than 3.42V as cell balancing needs to be accomplished in this upper region of the charge curve and only when the voltages of out of balance cells diverge can the balancing begin. With ESS cells being usually huge capacity relative to the balancing current available, you need time to bleed off the extra energy as our cells are likely not as well matched as EV cells.

By the way, my question wasn’t so much about charge termination at 3.65V and 0.05C (even though that’s the limit data sheets will often state) but rather how much extra damage gets done when going below that, trickle charging all the way down to zero current at 3.65V? It’s nothing I do, but it’s clear many DIYers think the only applicable limit is a voltage of 3.65V (not helped by the fact most charge controllers only allow limit voltage to be set) and have setups which on a setting sun during the evening could be charging all the way to zero current.
 
It’s nothing I do, but it’s clear many DIYers think the only applicable limit is a voltage of 3.65V (not helped by the fact most charge controllers only allow limit voltage to be set) and have setups which on a setting sun during the evening could be charging all the way to zero current.

This is why I've said many times that there is no point in going to 3.65V. I go to 3.5V for balancing, and do that rarely. In all other situations, I use 3.45V or thereabout as charged. No tail current, no absorption. You could do this with 3.5V as well, as long as you give the cells time to settle back (so putting float at 3.375V or below) and have a load.

What I don't do is aim for min/max state of charge (e.g. 30%-80%) in order to try and maximize cycle life. Even if 30%-80% doubles cycle life, you also sacrifice 50% of your capacity. This makes no sense to me, since you'd have to buy twice the amount of battery, and then have to account for calendar aging.
 
It's so interesting for me because I'm in charge of AI for Science department(using digital twins to develop materials and design batteries) in my company.

Cool, we're doing something similar - not from a battery design perspective, but a battery use case perspective in applications such as datacenters and grid interactive (load balancing, demand/response, etc.) applications.
 
@battery_professional
For years I have told fellow members that LFP like most every battery chemistry has 2 Voltage Ranges.
The "Allowable Range" which is where NO Harm or Damage is caused: This being 2.500-3.650 Volts per cell.
The "Working Ranbge" which is 3.000-3.400 which is effectively the voltage range that delivers the Actual Rated Amp Hours.
This of course is based on the common information produced by the varied LFP Makers like CATL, EVE, Lishen and so on.
I made up & give out this graphic to explain it - YET, far too many disregard and push the cells above 3.500 and suffer various issues by which time they diverge and imbalance and often times triggering Over Volt Protest on a cell within their battery pack.

I always promote a Reasonable & Moderate charge profile keeping to the edges of the Working Range because this is successful & works very well, virtually for everyone that applies the profiles.

Would you Chime in on this and finally help put this to bed ?

quick-voltage-chart-lfp-jpg.150247
 
Not to get off topic but...I find it very interesting and scary that we live in a world that has progressed AI technology to the point now where it is very difficult to tell if we are conversing with a robot. We can tell immediately if we are talking with someone in person or even over the phone, but when talking over forums, it gets "dicey". There needs to be better AI detection software developed to flag this type of thing, perhaps a good tech start up?? Flagging and banning potential AI chat bots.... I was told years ago that if you think of it, it most likely already exists!!
Regardless, thank you @battery_professional for your patience with us. We greatly appreciate your (along with everyone else's!) wealth of knowledge here.
 
Not to get off topic but...I find it very interesting and scary that we live in a world that has progressed AI technology to the point now where it is very difficult to tell if we are conversing with a robot. We can tell immediately if we are talking with someone in person or even over the phone, but when talking over forums, it gets "dicey". There needs to be better AI detection software developed to flag this type of thing, perhaps a good tech start up?? Flagging and banning potential AI chat bots.... I was told years ago that if you think of it, it most likely already exists!!
Regardless, thank you @battery_professional for your patience with us. We greatly appreciate your (along with everyone else's!) wealth of knowledge here.
Just pass a law that AI's have to identify themselves. How do you send an AI to jail if it breaks the law?
 

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